FORM
AFFIRMATIVE (+)
| Past Simple | Present Perfect | |
| S + V2 | S + have / has + V3 | |
| I | I worked | I have worked |
| we | we worked | we have worked |
| you | you worked | you have worked |
| they | they worked | they have worked |
| he | he worked | he has worked |
| she | she worked | she has worked |
| it | it worked | it has worked |
NEGATIVE (-)
| Past Simple | Present Perfect | |
| S + did + not + V | S + have / has + not + V3 | |
| I | I did not work | I have not worked |
| we | we did not work | you have not worked |
| you | you did not work | we have not worked |
| they | they did not work | they have not worked |
| he | he did not work | he has not worked |
| she | she did not work | she has not worked |
| it | it did not work | it has not worked |
| did not = didn't |
has not = hasn't
have not = haven't
|
INTERROGATIVE (?) — General questions (or "Yes/ No") questions
| Past Simple | Present Perfect | |
| did + S + V … ? | have / has + S + V3 … ? | |
| I | did I work | has I worked |
| we | did we work | have we worked |
| you | did you work | have you worked |
| they | did they work | have they worked |
| he | did he work | has he worked |
| she | did she work | has she worked |
| it | did it work | has it worked |
INTERROGATIVE (?) — Special (or "Wh") questions
To make "Wh" questions we usually put a question word (QW) before a construction of "Yes/No" questions:
E.g.
| Past Simple | Present Perfect |
| QW + did + S + V … ? | QW + have / has + S + V3 … ? |
| Why did you work … ? | Why have you worked … ? |
| Where did he work … ? | Where has he worked … ? |
SHORT ANSWERS
| Past Simple | Present Perfect | ||
| Yes, S + did. | No, S + didn't. | Yes, S + have / has. | No, S + haven't. / hasn't. |
| Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. | Yes, I have. | No, I haven't. |
| Yes, we did. | No, we didn't. | Yes, we have. | No, we haven't. |
| Yes, you did. | No, you didn't. | Yes, you have. | No, you haven't. |
| Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. | Yes, they have. | No, they haven't. |
| Yes, he did. | No, he didn't. | Yes, he has. | No, he hasn't. |
| Yes, she did. | No, she didn't. | Yes, she has. | No, she hasn't. |
| Yes, it did. | No, it didn't. | Yes, it has. | No, it hasn't. |
Svarīgi!
NOTE!
In short answers we use pronouns (I, we, you, they, he, she, it).
E.g.
— Did Mary go shopping yesterday?
— No, she didn't. (NOT: No, Mary didn't.)
***
V — Verb (the infinitive of the verb without "to"/ Present Simple verb (for I, we, you, they). E.g. write, go, listen, etc.
V2 — Verb in the 2nd form (Past Simple). E.g. wrote, went, listened, etc.
V3 — Verb in the 3rd form (Past Participle). E.g. written, gone, listened, etc.
S — Subject of the sentence
QW — Question word (E.g. what, when, where, why, who, how)
